Plato and Lockes Views on an Innate Idea Essay -- Philosophy essays

Plato and Locke's Views on an Innate Idea   â â â What is an inborn idea?â This can be characterized as some thought or mental portrayal that is delivered by outside recognition or made once more by our creative mind. It exists in the brain in goodness of the idea of the human mind.â As per Plato most if not the entirety of our insight is inborn. Be that as it may, John Locke feels that we don't have any inborn ideas.â Then the inquiry emerges of who is correct or are the two of them wrong.â In this paper I will endeavor to analyze the clashing perspectives on Plato and Locke.  The issue that I will manage includes the various perspectives on Locke also, Plato.â The primary focal point of the paper will be to manage the two sides of the see on inborn thoughts and figure out which is conceivable. I will be looking especially at Plato's treatment of the ideas in the Meno and Locke's treatment in specific pieces of the paper on human comprehension.  It is exceptionally difficult to figure out imagine a scenario where anything the psyche possesses.â It could. have all that we will ever know, as Plato assumes, or the psyche could have nothing.â Both of these perspectives will be examined in the accompanying paper. Plato's view on information originates from Socrates and his teachings.â Socrates professed to not comprehend what ideals were or on the off chance that they existed.â However, he creates an unconventional perspective on thoughts and information obtaining. [Meno 70-100b].â First, I will start by setting up the foundation of the Meno.â Socrates has been on a mission to discover on the off chance that anybody recognizes what ideals are and who has the virtues.â While during the time spent this Socrates makes numerous enemies.â At the start of the d... ...the experience at hand.â When we gain from this experience it is engraved on our brains or records. Locke is a model empiricist.â But I additionally feel he should settle on the issue of intrinsic capacities.â This would take into account all the information we gain as a matter of fact to be sifted and arranged to assist our learning.â Along these lines, we would have no intrinsic thoughts yet we would pick up our insight from experiences.â However, we would have the intrinsic abilities to channel our information. Works Cited Earthy colored, M. (1971). Plato's Meno. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc Chappell, V. (1994). The Cambridge Companion to Locke. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chappell, V. (1998). Locke. New York: Oxford University Press. Cooper, J.M.,(1997). Plato: Complete Works. Indianapolis, IN : Hackett Publishing Company.

My Best Life Trip Free Essays

In 2007 our excursion to Jordan was energizing . I recall it as though it happened yesterday. It was a couple of years back with my companions , and it was the best outing of my life. We will compose a custom paper test on My Best Life Trip or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now I traveled to Jordan by Gulf Air . At the point when we showed up Amman, the capital of Jordan at Queen Alia International Airport , the climate outside the air terminal was decent and drizzling.We had just reserved with the movement office in Oman for a level in a spot in Amman called (Alrasheed suburb) one of the busiest traveler areas in Jordan during summer, maybe significantly busier than the notorious (Dead ocean sea shore resort) on the grounds that the framework there is (new shopping centers and amusement leaves ) and furthermore from that point you can go to Syria via vehicle . Truth be told we are fortunate in light of the fact that the level we leased was close to the Omani understudy club in Jordan. Amman has an immense social celebration every year and luckily at the time we showed up the following day the celebration started.Jordan has a great deal of chronicled areas pulling in a wide range of individuals, regardless of whether they are kids, grown-ups, residents, or outsiders. You thought about how a non-oil rich nation like Jordan is so efficient . On the primary day we took rest and made a calendar for out excursion. That day around evening time we went around in Amman shopping centers , sitting in a conventional eateries that current old stories meeting with delightful assortment of food and individuals there were so well disposed and cordial .in the first part of the day we went to visit authentic spots like (Grash Theater ). At the point when we came to there and saw that place we were astonished to perceive how old it was and we discovered there a ton of diversion . Second day around evening time we went to the celebration and went to the shows of Arab vocalists who appreciate the group with their tunes . After that we take around in the celebration areas to see different exercises and know Jordanian culture.Third day we chose to visit (Alpetra City) , so we leased a taxi and went there , a long way from Amman taking four hours . Its an excellent recorded spot and we considered how a human can assemble and cut a city in a mountain like that. We making the most within recent memory there and took gifts with us . The day preceding we left we leased a vehicle and went to see the Dead ocean sea shore. The outing via vehicle took around five hours yet we appreciated that since we figured out how to utilize the GPS and that was our first time . We showed up and it’s an enormous mind blowing resort .We had our lunch on the warm sand and in any case that nobody of us can swim yet we swim in that ocean in light of the fact that it’s water salty and nobody can suffocate there. The days passed like hours and our outing arrived at its end , yet we increased a great deal touring and knowing the country’s customs and conventions and blend with various individuals ,other than that we figured out how to rely upon ourselves . At long last we withdrew from Jordan to Oman with large fortune of experience blended in with joy . It is a spot one must visit in any event once in the course of their life. Step by step instructions to refer to My Best Life Trip, Essays

After Life: Christianity and Islam Essay

Christianity and Islam are the two biggest religions on the planet and they have numerous purposes of contact. They acquired from Judaism a faith in one God who made the world and thinks about the conduct and convictions of individuals. The similitudes are on Judgment Day is when God will pass judgment on all individuals. Christians/Muslims go to paradise and all others get lost. During revival Christians/Muslims go to paradise to unceasing life in paradise and others to damnation. The great beyond is frequently alluded to as eternal life. In which a basic pieces of someone’s personality dwells in the afterlife. Individuals accept existence in the wake of death anticipates individuals when they bite the dust. Revival idea is found among Sikhs, Wiccans, Hindus and Buddhist. In Recarnation advancement proceeds after death as the perished starts another life on the planet. It obtained prevalent evaluation of awareness and charitableness by progressive resurrections. In certain re ligions the view is commonly held that one goes to hellfire or paradise or confidence relying upon their confidence or deed’s on earth. Paradise is a position of interminable torment for the offer/fiendish. Demise is a serious deal however very little is thought about it. The Idea of Afterlife originated from the world’s religions. In Egypt they accept the last strides to existence in the wake of death were the judgment in the corridor of Maat by Horus. It was known as weighing of the heart, the substantial hearts were gulped by an animal. The great individuals were lead to Happy Fields where spells and customs were planned and written in the â€Å"Book of the Dead†. In Ancient Greece the excursion required intersection stream Styx by being ignited with a coin. They offered discipline for the terrible and delight for the great. A Liberal Christians conviction views Hell as an idea, not a spot for discipline. The Roman Catholics accept that Hell is the place its detainees will be rebuffed any expectation of alleviation forever. Jehovah Witnesses accepts that Hell doesn’t exist. Mormons accept that three sky exist, and they trust Hell exists however very individuals will remain for eternity. Islam’s accept that on the most recent day each man will represent what he has done, and his interminable exist will be resolved. Judaism is instructed that GOD offers even the most insidious man a chance to apologize. For a great many people they believe that life following death is nothingness. Becoming nothing is dismissed on physical grounds by Buddhist. The statement â€Å"well he is in a superior place†, is regularly expressed and that shows that Afterlife is for sure something. Customary thoughts purchased up the idea of Heaven and Hell. It appears as in today’s time Heaven or Hell is just utilized as a casing of reference. We are frequently addressed â€Å"Do you accept there’s an afterlife† likewise â€Å"At what point did we gain an afterlife†? Many accept that there is no Afterlife. People were full fledged with the privilege to Afterlife. Just Humans have an eternity and just some animal’s structures have a the great beyond . Despite the fact that the book of scriptures trains us to pass on in no way like this yet numerous any individuals trust in an interminable a state of profound torment. Being somebody that puts stock in Afterlife, I discover a few perspectives on existence in the wake of death upsetting. Without an existence in the wake of death life is an existential damnation and nothing truly matters. In the hereafter you will be decided for your off-base and right doings. Genuine Justice will occur in the hereafter in light of the fact that here on earth you can take, slaughter, assault or submit infidelity and you won’t be appropriately judged. Indeed there will be cognizant. Just the great beyond gives trust in equity for wrongs that were submitted. Since many accept that there is a the great beyond doesn't imply that it’s a simple go to paradise. Despite the fact that religions develop existence in the wake of death it doesn't give their devotees free goes to paradise. Numerous individuals are in religions however does that imply that they accept what they are being instructed. We accept that demise is inescapable; yes passing is just the finish of this life. I do accept that our lives matter and yes there is a life following death. I accept that on the most recent day GOD will plunk down and sort through the great and the terrible. The insidious will for sure consume in heck, while the noble will be with their dad in paradise. Culture can be considered as a social legacy of man. Religion comprises of examples of conviction, qualities and conduct. Ceremonies are utilized to communicate conviction and bring explicit finishes. Legends are stories advised that’s expected to be the â€Å"scared truth†. Fantasies are portrayed as the beginnings of things fire, convictions societies and demise. There are numerous sorts of Religious Systems. Monotheism is one and they put stock in one God (Christianity). Another is Polytheism which has faith in numerous Gods. With Pantheism God is available no matter what. Animism faith in Spirit creatures that enliven nature could conceivably take human shape. Images allude to present or missing, past or future, and experienced or not legitimately watched. Each culture has its own emblematic framework. Christian convictions about life following death fluctuate among sections and individual Christians. Collects of God accepts the second happening to Christ incorporates the joys of the holy people. In Christianity Today Magazine the honest will go into ownership of everlasting euphoria. Basic convictions and qualities uncover that everybody accepts that there is a God. Some feel that they should adore mutiple and some accept that they should revere a figure or something that is viewed as their God. The way that individuals venerate their God is totally different. Some knee before a cross, some knee before an article and others revere God in his sanctuary. There are various religions that revere various Gods and that love them in an unexpected way, for example, Catholics, Protestants, Baptists and different Christians. Christians accept that we in the end up in hellfire or paradise yet others accept in an unexpected way. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife http://voices.yahoo.com/passing biting the dust life following death has-thought what-2874279.html?cat=1 http://dying.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=dying&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fww

How Women Are Characterized In The Book, Playboy Bunnies - 275 Words

How Women Are Characterized In The Book, Playboy Bunnies (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstitutionTutorDateWomen's gender studiesThe two stories of Playboy bunnies portray women as tools of attraction for the male in the business. Given the facts, Playboy is not a triumph of sexuality. In fact, the Playboy is not a triumph of womens sexuality. Although women have been used as bait to make huge sales in drinks as waitresses, it is their beauty that enhances their attraction to the male customers. In this sense, sexuality is portrayed as a concern or an intention of sexual activity.Women play a significant role in the society. Any woman can be someones mother, sister or even daughter. The society demands a lot from women from social to economic activities (Utsumi 5). They have the same abilities with men and sometimes do better than men. However, women are made to feel inferior and sometimes only reduced to items that make men happy. In this context, women have been made to look at themselves as effortless. That is, they cannot do something that woul d instill dignity in their lives. Having been made to clothe in a manner that suggest they are ready for sex, they suggest that they do not have any control of their bodies. However, women have been productive in many fields that establish their might in their course of gender equality.The Playboy is a perfect example of how extreme women can go to get the intended attention in the modern society. For example, in advertisements and dances, women are made to look more sexual to attract men. No matter how beautiful women could be, they are forced to expose their sexual organs so that they can be attractive (Scott, 19). This culture has been adopted by women as they have it in their mind it is their way of life.

The World Of The Holocaust - 1960 Words

In recent years the study of the Holocaust has been one of the most interesting topics for historians to debate and analyze. There are so many different topics to consider and to discuss them all would exceed the scope of this paper. In particular, many historians like to understand what events and actions ultimately led to the Holocaust. Many scholars have debated and interpreted the process that led to such a tragic time in history. Despite many scholarly opinions, it is evident that scholars tend to focus on Hitler’s rooted ideologies in the Nazi Regime, as well as the idea that the Holocaust was a result of failures within the Nazi system. These two major views and themes will be discussed throughout the paper. This paper will compare and contrast how Gotz Aly, Gerhard Weinberg, and Ian Kershaw interpret the process that led to the Holocaust and ultimately the â€Å"Final Solution†. A brief background on the Final Solution may be helpful when considering the views of these authors. The Final Solution took place during World War Two in 1942. It is often referred to as the â€Å"Final Solution to the Jewish Question/Race†. The main goal was to remove the Jewish race from Europe and ultimately the world through a terrible and horrific genocide. In January of 1942 at the â€Å"Wannsee Conference†, this program and policy was constructed and implemented. As a result, about sixty-six percent of all Jews in Europe were killed. In Gotz Aly’s â€Å"Final Solution† it is important to consider hisShow MoreRelatedThe World Of The Holocaust1457 Words   |  6 Pagesway. They show what you’ve been through and how strong you are for coming out of it†-Demi Lovato. On September 1st, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland which caused the start of World War II, and the official establishment of the Third Reich. The Third Reich was the Nazi German Empire that had hoped to achieve a total Aryan race and world domination. Many ethnic groups fell short to Nazi beliefs and were oppressed and destroyed. In order to establish ultimate Aryan perfection, Hitler needed to get rid ofRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust910 Words   |  4 Pagesknowing it origin. Genocide is a word that was created after the Holocaust by the United Nations. The creation of this word was intended to define the act of extermination of a country, ethnic, or religious group. It is a shame the creation of this word had to come into th e world. In this paper I will address the many different for that genocide takes in today society. To begin with, I would like to talk a about the holocaust. The holocaust was a planned extermination of Jewish people in Germany. ThisRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1151 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples of this is the genocide know as the Holocaust. All over the world religions usually teach that all of civilization is equal and that we should all be cordial with each other, but monstrosities like Adolf Hitler broke those sacred laws. The Holocaust was a time period where a set of people were persecuted. While they were being persecuted World War Two was used as a smokescreen to conceal the horrors of the Holocaust. What lead to the Holocaust was Nazi ideology. Nazi ideology lead to theRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust934 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust was the systematic, organized, frighten, vicious event that sponsored by Nazi Party throughout the Europe continent that approximately took away six million Jews’ life with assisted from Nazi Germany and its collaborat ors, the event also caused different extent of casualties to contemporary third party countries in the Europe simultaneously. The official beginning date of event started from January 1933 when Adolf Hitler first came to power in Germany with Nazi as his backup to openlyRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1151 Words   |  5 Pagesexamples of this is the genocide know as the Holocaust. All over the world religions usually teach that all of civilization is equal and that we should all be cordial with each other, but monstrosities like Adolf Hitler broke those sacred laws. The Holocaust was a time period where a set of people were persecuted. While they were being persecuted World War Two was used as a smokescreen to conceal the horrors of the Holocaust. What lead to the Holocaust was Nazi ideology. Nazi ideology lead to theRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust885 Words   |  4 Pagestraumatic period, Holocaust-was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler s Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews. The Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of six million Jews during the Nazi genocide - in 1933 nine million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be occupied by Nazi Germany during World War 2. By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed. But today I will talk about the United States’ Response to the Holocaust. There two main historiansRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust853 Words   |  4 PagesOne common assumption that people make about the Holocaust is that the atrocity was an event unique to world history. It is not often taught in United States history classes that there were events previous to World War II that set precedence that allowed the Holocaust to occur under Nazi Germany rule. Generally, history classes do not explore colonialism outside of the United States, so it is no surprise that very few people are aware of German colonialism in Africa, let alone how Germany’s actionsRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1020 Words   |  5 PagesIt was a time in world History when the world was at war. It was the between the super powers, which was known as the Allies and the Axis alliances. The major countries that played a key part in the war was United States, United kingdom, Japan and Germany. Many lives were loss on both fronts during this conflict. It also launch us into a New age of technology war ware, Which is known as the Nuclear Age. When the first atomic bomb was dropped on two major cities in Japan, it changed the hole out comeRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1449 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribe the Holocaust. The Holocaust affected the lives of millions because of the hate inside of the Nazi’s. Why would the Nazi’s do this? This is a question almost nobody can answer. What we do know are the effects of the Holocaust; specifically, on the child survivors of the Holocaust. The Holocaust created a struggle with interpersonal relationships, psycholog ical difficulties, and caused child survivors and their families have a drive for resilience. Most people could say the Holocaust bring feelingsRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust It was a time in world History when the world was at war. It was the between the super powers, which was known as the Allies and the Axis alliances. The major countries that played a key part in the war was United States, United kingdom, Japan and Germany. Many lives were loss on both fronts during this conflict. It also launch us into a New age of technology war ware, Which is known as the Nuclear Age. When the first atomic bomb was dropped on two major cities in Japan, it changed

Analysing the Generation Effect Essay - 558 Words

Noteworthy findings indicated that the participants recognized more items from the generate condition than read condition. A notable large effect between the two conditions was detected as well. Slamecka and Graf (1978) strongly suggested that generation effect existed, despite of other argumentative claims. Under the same category, items involve providing a stimulus and response in the generate condition confirms improve memory in the later recognition test versus items in the read condition. Perhaps how the items encode and retrieve from the memory can be interpreted as well. An alternative explanation argued that levels of processing took place during the generate condition where the second items were led to deeper and elaborative†¦show more content†¦Moreover, the generation effect serves the similar purpose as testing effect in educational settings. Roediger and Karpicke (2006) claimed that the testing is a beneficial method in long-term retention of the materials, comp aring to no testing at all. Likewise, the generate condition in this experiment works an equivalent pattern as a multiple choice tests where some kind of recognition takes place in learning and memory (Roediger Karpicke, 2006). Briefly, the generation effect assists people to retain better memory and thus improve learning across different circumstances. More importantly, the testing phenomenon serves an educational purpose for students at school, regardless of short answer questions, multiple choice questions, or essay questions where no feedback is necessary (Roediger Karpicke, 2006). However, repetitive studying will not guarantee better retention rate in terms of delay testing, and retesting will have a greater impact (Roediger Karpicke, 2006). In practical applications, using flashcards with only key words written and creating tests without multiple choice questions are some of the examples of putting generation effect in use. Based on current researches, repetitive testing p roduces a powerful effect especially in delayed tests. Yet, the research on the boundary of how long the delay of the tests require before the materials diminish are still unknown. This way, teachers andShow MoreRelatedSlang Is So Popular With The Younger Generations1603 Words   |  7 Pagespeers. Because slang is mainly spoken by younger people, the use of it almost puts up a barrier between children and adults. This barrier gives the youth a sense of rebellion. This may be one of the reasons why slang is so popular with the younger generations, this feeling gives them a sense of freedom and independence. Additionally, this may also be one of the reasons why many people disapprove of the use of slang. Some people believe that the use of slang suggests bad manners and morals, this leadsRead MoreThe Impact of Technology on the Critical Thinking of Tertiary Students in School X657 Words   |  3 Pagesdisposed to consider in a thoughtful way the problems and subjects that come with in the range of ones experiences.† This is where thinking is an intellectual process done by analysing, evaluating and applying the content and making decisions that are not based on any personal biases. Students should be engaged in analysing the evidence and coming up with solutions to the various problems that they face. Research Problem Statement After observing tertiary students for about three years, a declineRead MoreThe Balanced Scorecard And How It Is Used For A Competitive Advantage Within The Business Industry1229 Words   |  5 Pagesany inefficiencies or bottlenecks in the management or production system. These four perspectives comprise the balanced scorecard that has since been utilised by many private and public companies (Akkermans and Oorschot 2005). By collecting and analysing the information found, organisations can keep track of their management system to create opportunities and improve on any shortcomings, making their business more efficient and effective. Historical Development of the Balanced Scorecard The balancedRead MorePublic Attitude Towards Immigration At Supranational, National And Regional Level865 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch. The EU level (Supranational level) Within the EU, immigration is one of the highly salient issues (Balestirini, 2015: 3; Cerna, 2013: 1; Rustenbach, 2010: 53). Some studies examined public attitudes toward immigration in Europe with analysing cross-sectional survey such as European Social Survey (ESS) and Eurostat. According to Hatton (2014a: ) and Balestrini (2015: 9), people in different countries showed different attitude toward immigration among the EU countries whereas Markaki (2012:Read MoreUnderstanding The Experiential Learning Process868 Words   |  4 PagesReflection is the method of analysing an activity with a view of changing an existing approach or adopting a new perspective on an experience (Nguyen et al 2014). Boyd and Fales (1983) state â€Å"that this process is central to understanding the experiential learning process†. According to Trottier (2015) Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) is the process of an organisation gathering and analysing information that is available to anyone. Websites a nd applications dedicated to Social media is one of theRead MorePublic Attitude Towards Immigration And Clarify Implementation Gaps1443 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch. The EU level (Supranational level) Within the EU, immigration is one of the highly salient issues (Balestirini, 2015: 3; Cerna, 2013: 1; Rustenbach, 2010: 53). Some studies examined public attitudes toward immigration in Europe with analysing cross-sectional survey such as European Social Survey involving 20 countries and official statistics such as Eurostat by the European Commission (EC). According to Hatton (2014a: 11) and Balestrini (2015: 9), people in different countries showedRead MoreStandardized Testing And Its Impact On Education1547 Words   |  7 Pageswas the school systems developing a method that was structured towards the educational and professional development of students. This was eventually the model that would be shared by other countries as a building block to the module that they had in effect at the time. As time passed by, however the education system in the U.S. underwent several major changes in education and eventually the implementation of standardised testing became more prevalent in our society. The standardised testing system isRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking Ban On Employees And Passive Smokers At Work Place And Home1295 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigating the effects of Workplace Smoking Ban Contents Investigating the effects of Workplace Smoking Ban 1 Aim and Objectives 1 Literature Review / Research Background 2 Research Rationale 3 Learning Outcomes 3 Study Design 4 Type of Study 4 Type of Design 4 Data Types 4 Ethics 5 Risk 5 Required Resources 5 Research Time Frame 5 References 6 Aim and Objectives The kay aim of the research is to investigate the effects of smoking ban at work place on employees and these effects may include healthRead MoreEnhancing Student Relatioship Management With Social Media Marketing929 Words   |  4 PagesApplication of social media have joined and educational institutions. International universities have begun to expand their educational techniques and extend their principles on social media as one of the ways to communicate with students. Analysing the worlds top-ranked universities and their performance on social media sites, leads to data that shows that all social networks are included when it comes to communication with students. As the most effective is Facebook, which was created exactlyRead MoreSustainability And The Value Of Residential Properties1250 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding sustainability †¢ Understanding the UK policy framework with regards to sustainable features in property and the impact of such legislation on property †¢ Analysing the role of sustainability in the residential property market †¢ Determining the incentives and barriers to implementing sustainable features in refurbishment †¢ Analysing the effect that sustainable features have on the value of property Understanding Sustainability Climate change has become one of the world’s most important issues.

Dizzy Gillespie free essay sample

Dizzy Gillespie deservedly ranks amongst the most influential and innovative Jazz musicians of all times. Every note played with his trumpet captivated a legion of devout followers from all different age demographics and cultural backgrounds. Only Males Davis and Louis Armstrong can tread the waters of his talent and his ever- growing legend, which was propelled by his revolutionary style. The Bebop revolution would have been a real yawner without notable Dizzy Gillespie tracks and stunning collaborations with top artists from the time period.He played alongside read musicians like Cab Galloway, Ella Fitzgerald, Earl Hines, Duke Longtime, Billy Stickiness, Charlie Parker, Charlie Christian, Theologies Monk, Max Roach and Coleman Hawkins. His career was well decorated with a mantle full of awards and memories of elated crowds from the most legendary venues in the country. Countless times the collective sigh of the crowd would be followed by wide-eyed enthusiasm, dancing and an eruption of applause. Dizzy was upset at the accusation and then stabbed Galloway in the leg with a small knife. Then Dizzy teamed up with Charlie Parker in 1945 and played in famous Jazz clubs like Moutons Playhouse and Monomers Uptown House, where bebop was beginning.Many of Tizzys music sounded very different, ironically, and rhythmically than the Swing music popular at the time. Gillespie taught many of the younger musicians, like Miles Davis, about the new style of Jazz. The one thing that he was focused on was to start a big band, and his first attempt was In 1945 but didnt work. After a while he did start a successful big band with Charlie Parker, but he also frequently appeared as a soloist with Norman Grands Jazz at the philharmonic. Then on March 11, 1952 went to France after being Invited by Charles Delaney. So he went to France and started his third big band.Then in 1953 he returned to the USA and one thing he accomplished in France was to show that he is a successful band leader. He also started another type of music called Afro- Cuban music. Afro-Cuban music has Latin and African elements together to create a new type of Jazz. Dizzy stayed true to his bebop music for the rest of his career. He even did something unheard of by musicians; in 1964 he put himself forward as a presidential candidate. He promised that if he were elected, the White House would be renamed The Blues House, Ray Charles would be appointed Librarian ofCongress, Miles Davis would become the head of the CIA, and Malcolm X the Attorney General. He also said his running mate would be Phyllis Dilled. He was nominated for Grammar awards and also was a guest on The Cowboys Show and Sesame Street. Towards the end of his Life he worked hard and was a very motivated muscular. In 1989 Gillespie gave 300 performances in 27 countries, appeared in 100 U. S. Cities in with two symphonies, and recorded four albums. He received his fourteenth honorary doctoral degree, last one from Berkeley College of Music and he was also even the Grammar Lifetime Achievement Award in the same year.On November 26, 1992 was Tizzys 75th birthday concert at Carnegie Hall in New York. This was going to be his 33rd appearance at Carnegie Hall, but Dizzy didnt make it because he was sick with pancreatic cancer. Then in 1993 at the age of 75, Dizzy died from pancreatic cancer. He was buried in the Flushing Cemetery in Queens, New York. Gillespie had two funerals. One was a Bahii funeral at his request, at which his closest friends and colleagues attended. The second was at the Cathedral of SST. John the Divine in New York attended by the world.

Parental support free essay sample

Parental Support in the Education of Children with Visual Impairment. Background to the study It is an undesirable fact that for every individual to be successful in life he or she needs education. Education is a right for all children being able or disable, Education is about people being able to learn what they need or want throughout their life based on their potentials. These include learning to know, to do, to live together, and to be self-dependent. Parents are the number one tool that will make access to education achievable by all means. All parents have the responsibility to provide basic, psychological, social, as well emotional needs to their wards in education. The support of parent in childrens education is seen as a vital tool in providing services for their children. We will write a custom essay sample on Parental support or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parent who have children with visual impairment, are faced by challenges in educating them and have additional care giving responsibilities and spend substantial time and effort arranging everyday care for their children. In addition, disability is a life-long condition where the needs of children might extend beyond childhood into adulthood, which will lead majority of hildren with visual impairment to continuously live with their families longer than their peers without disabilities (Freedman Boyer, 2000). In Ghana and throughout the world successful education of children with special needs particularly children with visual impairment depends solely on their parental support in their education, in Ghana, the 1992 Constitution lays emphasis on the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education( FCUBE) for all children including those with disabilities. Parent need to devote a good deal of time in taking care of their children with visual impairment n educational matters. According to the Salamanca Statement and Framework of Action (1994), every child must have access to education. There is no doubt that education is the key to success and development. It is the responsibility of parent to support in the education of children with visual impairment. Statement of the problem. Education plays a very crucial role in the development of a child whether able or disable. However: It seems some parents do not value the education of their children with visual impairment. It also appear that parent have wrong perceptions about ducating children with visual impairment. It appears some parents have fall to support in the education of children with visual impairment. It seems some parents find it difficult to provide for the educational materials and necessary resources for their children with visual impairment. Objectives of the study. The objectives of this study will be to: To examine what challenges parents undergo in educating their children with visual with visual impairment. To explore what influence parental support in educating their children with visual impairment. To find out Strategies to increase parental participation in the education of their children with visual impairment. Research Question The following questions will guide this study: 1 . What challenges do parent face in supporting their children with visual impairment? 2. To what extent are parent prepared towards the education of children with visual impairment? 3. What influence parental support for children with visual impairment in education? 4. What strategies can be adapted to increase parental participation in the education of children with visual impairment? Literature review. The literature to be reviewed for this study will cover the following strands. Challenges faced by parent in the educating children with visual impairment. Parent preparedness towards education of their children with visual impairment. Influence of parental support in educating children with visual impairment. Strategies for increasing parental participation in the education of their children with visual impairment. Significance of the study The results of the study will help identify factors influencing parental support in the ducation of children with visual impairment . This will enable the government to make provisions for children with visual impairment . lt will also enable the government to provide the necessary resources for the education of children with visual impairment . ln addition, it will identify the challenges parent undergo in educating children with visual impairment and how they are able to cope with these challenges. This enable counseling to be provided to enable parent to know the essence of educating children with visual impairment..

15 Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts

15 Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts 15 Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts 15 Military Terms Used in Civilian Contexts By Mark Nichol The English language includes some words that, originating in the vocabulary of warfare, have been applied to competitive contexts such as sports and business, while others that did not originate in that realm are associated with both the military and other endeavors. Here’s a list of terms pertaining to military units and formations that also have other, sometimes derivative, senses. 1. army: from medieval Latin armata (â€Å"army†)- also the source of the Spanish term armada, meaning â€Å"war fleet†- referring to a nation’s entire body of land forces or to one major unit of that body 2. brigade: from Italian briga (â€Å"quarrel†), a word for a unit consisting of thousands of soldiers or, by extension, to any large group of people organized according to common belief or toward achievement of a common goal; brigadier is a military rank for someone in command of a brigade, and related words are brigand (originally meaning â€Å"soldier† but later denoting a bandit) and brig and brigantine for types of warships during the Age of Sail (the use of the former as prison ships led to brig being applied to military prisons) 3. corps: from Latin corpus (â€Å"body†), a set unit of tens of thousands of soldiers; by extension, also a more or less numerous group of people involved in the same activity, such as the press corps or a corps de ballet, or ballet company 4. detail: from Old French detaillier (â€Å"cut into pieces†), originally only a reference to a part or facet of something, but it also came to apply to a small group of military personnel assigned a specific task, as well as to the task itself or the action of selecting the group 5. division: from Latin dividere (â€Å"divide†), a word with numerous senses, including referring to a unit consisting of tens of thousands of soldiers or a unit of aircraft or ships 6. echelon: from Late Latin scala (â€Å"ladder†) by way of French eschelon (originally â€Å"rung of a ladder† but later â€Å"grade,† â€Å"level,† or step†), adopted into English to refer to a military formation in which units are offset so that from above, they resemble a stairway in profile; the word then came to denote grades or levels of an organization or the people at one of those grades or levels 7. fleet: from Old English fleotan (â€Å"float†), a set unit of military naval vessels or the entirety of such vessels belonging to a navy or to a company; by extension, now also applied to collections of vehicles, such as a group of cars owned by a company or a government agency and available for employees’ use 8. flotilla: from Spanish (â€Å"little fleet†), a set unit of small warships; by extension, a large number of like things 9. host: from Latin hostis (â€Å"enemy† or â€Å"stranger†), which is also the source of hostile, with multiple meanings, including a large army or a multitude of indeterminate size 10. legion: from Latin legere (â€Å"gather†), originally a Roman military unit equivalent to a modern brigade; now, vaguely describes a multitude 11. phalanx: from Greek (â€Å"log†), originally referring to a closely arrayed military formation but now denoting a mass of people, animals, or things; also refers to bones of a hand or foot 12. platoon: from French pelaton (â€Å"little ball†), originally referring only to a set unit of about several dozen soldiers and by extension coming to mean a squad of athletes with a common function (such as offensive and defensive teams in football) or any group of people with a common characteristic or goal 13. regiment: ultimately from Latin regere (â€Å"lead straight† or â€Å"rule†), regimen was adopted into English to refer primarily to a fitness or health plan, but its cognate regiment refers to a military unit of about a thousand or more soldiers; to regiment is to control strictly 14. squad: ultimately from Vulgar Latin exquadrare (â€Å"make square†) by way of Middle French esquade, initially denoting a set unit of about a dozen soldiers but later also referring in general to a small group engaged in an activity (see also squadron) 15. squadron: from Italian squadrone (â€Å"squad†), cognate with squad, refers to any one of several types of military units depending on the branch of service (it can apply to soldiers, aircraft, or ships), and by extension a large group of people or things involved in a particular endeavor Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know225 Foreign Phrases to Inspire YouMankind vs. Humankind

Essay about smartphones Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

About smartphones - Essay Example A Smartphone contains these features and many more. Such features include features helping users to organize their notes, calendars, create and establish networks, synchronize their data across networks, play and download media files, in a variety of application integrated in a Smartphone, which was only possible on a computer a few years back. The first generational phones only had the basic functions. In effect, the PC ruled the internet world. However, the advancement in technology has ensured integration of the internet technology to mobile technology. More so, the Smartphones are at par with computers in terms of internet speeds. In effect, an individual can receive and send mail via the Smartphone. Furthermore, a Smartphone will allow the editing, creation, and sending of documents in real time. Thus, an individual has a platform to run a mobile office. The downloaded applications, popularly called apps, ensure that individuals have a variety of tools that fitted their lifestyles. In addition, the world witnesses a recent phenomenon in the rise and use of the Social Medias sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Google+, YouTube, among others. In effect, sharing of information in real time has become a norm rather than the exception with most of the sharing taking place via Smartphones. In fact, the recent revolutions in the Arab world christened â€Å"The Arab Spring† were a success because of the role of these Social Media sites with information passed over the Smartphones. In conclusion, it is evident that Smartphones are a vital part of human life. Not only are these gadgets important for an individual’s unique lifestyle, Smartphones provides an individual with a mobile office outside his or her physical office. In effect, the gadgets enhance professionalism and efficiency at work. Indeed, the rapid growth in technology will continue to provide the world with amazing apps

LDPs Long Domination in Japanese Politics Until 2009 Essay

LDPs Long Domination in Japanese Politics Until 2009 - Essay Example The Liberal Democratic Party has managed to maintain power in Japan for a very long period due to certain attributes that facilitated the bringing out of its strengthsÃ'Ž. Despite the successful run is not a product of a few approaches or interventions, certain concepts of success stand out than the rest.The commonly held opinion on the success of the party revolves around three main factors variously referred to as the Iron Triangle. LDP success as a political powerhouse in Japan depended on a number of factors creating a network of interaction between bureaucracy, politics and private sector contribution in policy formulation and implementation. Reliance on the traditional vote rich regions to instigate domineering politics ensured that the party had tight grip of political following across the country. In order for the party to facilitate a lengthy political presence in national governance, elimination of completion from opposition meant introduction of unfair practices against t he weaker players. Such a structure had to come to an end with due course and LDP was ousted by the DPJ in 2006, making its recovery a complicated affair to handle. In view of the political environment in Japan under the governance of the DPJ, it is doubtful that the LDP will return to its former glory of domination and unmatched power.

People of Britain Essay Example for Free

People of Britain Essay The emergence of television as a mass medium of communication was the key turning point in improving leisure opportunities for the ordinary people of Britain. How far do you agree with this statement? At the beginning of the 20th century, the lives of ordinary people were not ideally suited to the world of leisure. An urbanised workforce and an economy geared toward industry saw lower-class people working long hours at a low pay rate. This style of living left hardly any free time and disposable income, both key requirements for leisure opportunities. The aristocracy had always revelled in the world of leisure; their high incomes and low maintenance professions gave them a perfect framework for pursuits such as dancing, theatre going, hunting, socialising and horse riding. Although there were popular activities of the working classes family games within the home for example, or more commonly, an evening spent in the local pub leisure was limited. I believe that television was the key form of mass communication to improve the leisure opportunities of the working classes as it was accessible, cheap, and knew how to cater for changing styles and tastes. When television was first introduced on a wide scale in 1936 only a small percentage of the British public owned a television license. Its initial emergence as a mass medium was therefore not a turning point, as the ordinary people simply did not have access to it. It was difficult for television to flourish before the fifties anyway, due to the condition of Britain prior to world war two. The earliest form of television had actually been introduced in the late twenties for a trial run, but the economic slump of the decade guaranteed an impossible environment in which to launch it. The British workers were in a poor situation, and leisure opportunities would have been at the bottom of their priorities list. Shortly afterward, the country was gearing up for war and with the emphasis on this preparation the BBC was forced by the government to shut down television broadcasting until 1945. As a result of the impracticalities of earlier decades, television was not a widespread phenomenon until the 1950s, when in 1952 the first televised coronation of Elizabeth II took place, with the BBC dedicating a whole day to the coverage. 50% of the population watched the ceremony (a figure of around 25 million people) and sales of television sets rocketed prior to the event. I would argue that it was the 1950s and onwards, in which television became a crucial part of ordinary peoples leisure time. As part of the consumer culture of the fifties, the sale of television sets increased massively more than 42,000 sets were sold every month in 1950 and this figure had more than tripled by the mid 1950s when 140,500 sets were sold per month in Britain. Television seemed to be ideally suited to the working classes; it was cheap (after the initial purchase of the set and a television license, no extra fees were needed), based in the home (travelling would have cost extra money), family orientated (working class families were usually larger than those of other classes) and a relaxing leisure pursuit after a long day at work. The environment of the 1950s was significantly different from those of the 20s, 30s and 40s. Britain was considerably wealthier due to the post-war boom shared by other countries such as America, there was full employment and the importance of leisure seemed to grow especially with the influence of 1950s American youth culture. Televisions ability to change and adapt to the interests of the ordinary classes and the youth of the decade was also something that set it aside from other forms of mass communication. Whilst BBC radio had come under criticism for being too elitist, television (especially during the 1960s) made a real effort to represent the working classes. By the late 50s ITV was producing very popular variety shows- a mix of comedy, music and other light entertainment wrapped in a family package which appealed to a mass audience. Televisions interest in the needs and wants of the majority continued into the sixties. The 1960s has been described as the decade of television revolution, with the introduction of many new programmes designed for the working classes. The new ITV channel had been very successful since its launch in 195_ and the BBC split into BBC1 and BBC2 in the early sixties, with colour being introduced in 1968.

Castles Essay -- essays research papers fc

Castles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In medieval times, castles served as the home and fortress of a monarch or noble. The earliest castles were built from earth and wood. By the 12th century, most castles were built from stone. The stones came from local mines or quarries if possible, but sometimes they had to be carried long distances by water or on ox wagons. The roofs of castles were covered with slates, clay tiles, or wooden shingles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Castles were built on steep hill sides or at the top of rocky cliffs. This was for protection from attackers. It made it harder for them to reach the castle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Castles also had additional purposes. They sometimes served as barracks, prisons, storehouses, armories, treasure houses, and the center for local government. Castles sometimes had brewhouses, a laundry a huge bakers oven, workshops, dovecotes, and stables (MacDonald, p.12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Castle walls surrounded the entire castle and were usually several meters thick. They usually had 3 layers: a rough stone inner shell, a thick, solid filling of flint and rubble, and an outer layer of stone called ashlar. (MacDonald, p.8) There was usually a walkway along the top of the walls so guards could keep watch. Some castle walls had spaces at the top called embrassures, which allowed archers to shoot with the protection of the wall. These openings also permitted stones or boiling water to be thrown down on the enem...

Exas Philippines, Incorporated Company Case Essay

Exas Philippines, Incorporated is a privately owned company by Japanese investor and run and managed by Japanese consultants and experts. It’s main business since the birth of their mother company are METAL STAMPING PRODUCTION (transient or manual and progressive dieset) and TOOL and DIE DESIGNING, PROCESSING and VALIDATION. I belonged in these two production businesses. Our department receives customers’ product technical drawings. We make tool and die design as basis for quotations then customers feedback for approval for the design price. Then processing follows on metal parts components of the go project(s). Assembly will follow of the processed tool and die. Validation follows to deliver engineering samples based on specifications required. Once the delivered samples are approved in their line assembly, mass production will follow at our metal stamping production area. Today, Exas Philippines has been adopting several methods and techniques to add and improve its methods of productivity and quality that is far better than existing technology. This development however, fully sustained daily activities that affect daily production output of the manufacturing industry including transportation. In fact, the effect of certain method and process shows as one of the largest components that helps the company to be more competitive in the market today. Within it, this methods and innovation plays a main role in satisfying customer demand developing trust and confidence among others. One known product that this company produced is MAIN PLATE, a metal stamped part that serves as the major component of digital camera to be assembled in Pentax Philippines, one known customer of ours. Among other parts suppliers, Exas Philippines remains one of its biggest and trusted plastic molding and metal stamped parts supplier for almost a decade. Trust and confidence we did to sustained and keep for future partnership ahead. In this matter, some market, somehow develop a unique and effective process approach in all its product and services. In such, inquiring new and state of the art tools and machineries, successful management program and improved process which could allure investors and potential customers in general. Moreover, products and services providers in an open market like us, need to innovate and enhance operation to the maximum utilization of resources and cost to be more competitive, especially commercial value of our products and services were greatly controlled and dictated by our customers. Where at point, it is a need for the manufacturing industry to forecast total profit prior to producing or launching a certain project through extensive process evaluation and analysis of every aspect of manufacturing and somehow build and innovate unique and well-develop processes. Since main plate manufacturing process and cost involves values need to be considered and improved, moreover, it has the longest and overmanned process to date as evidenced by the results of the operation production and delivery during the first two months. And with the company’s aim for â€Å" Continuous Improvement† and â€Å"Process Optimization†, the researcher conducted this study for possible remedies and measure which has to be developed to improve this poor performance process operation. CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE II STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study helps to improve the present methods to be more efficient and productive. Thus, it is the goal to optimize production output of Main Plate. The study conducted specifically and systematically to provide answer to the following: 1) Are the present methods or set up efficient in terms of the following? 1) Process lay-out activities evident for cheaper and safer process. 2) Process flow chart implemented specifies steps required in terms of lay-out cost. 2) Can the material be improved for cost analysis? 1) Pricing 2) Material kind 3) Material rejection or scrappage 3) Is the manpower available sufficient enough? 1) Manpower vs. Process lay-out 2) Manpower vs. Machines 3) Man-hours requirement vs. Production plan 4) Machineries and fixtures fully utilized? 1) Press stamping machine utilization per day 2) Bench drill for chamfering and tool bits utilization 3) Pneumatic tool grinder, cutting and polishing tools utilization 4) Degreasing Machine Utilization b) What would be the proposal to modify or improve the high cost of production of Main Plate in terms of ? b.1) Labor cost b.2) Machine and Equipment set up c) How would modification of the process benefits the company, the department, the employees, the valued customer as well as the researcher? II SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study helps the company understand the nature and true cost of work and reducing unnecessary costs, and balancing processes in the line to make work flow smoother. It also helps the company to be more competitive in an open market, highly productive and profitable in return. Also using effective techniques that will enhance processing time will eventually increases productivity with less cost, less manpower and man-hour requirements. This study serves as the guidelines for the manufacturing department to determine man and machine effective planning, established time and motion standards to improve production planning and material preparation in general. It will also provide relevant information in settling financial statement, resource allocation and product estimating cost and value. For the employees, it will boost their morale for work since there is that proper division of work load, improve their working conditions and environment. This will also benefit me since I learn time and motion study from this project. I could apply this at my working section, at my home as learning for my family for time management for better results. To the company’s valued customers and business partners, the assurance of on-time deliveries with satisfying high quality product is highly guaranteed. CHAPTER II THE DATA Scope and Limitation: The study conducted by the researcher is focusing mainly on ten (10) different processes involve in producing MAIN PLATE product. The following are the processes: 1) Blanking 6) Flattener 2 2) Piercing 7) Tapping 3) Chamfering 8) Degreasing 4) Flattener 1 9) Visual Checking 5) Polishing 10) Final Packing The entire processing of the product is the main scope of the project where most of the critical problems has been found and identified. The primary targets of the research are to established standard time and methods to be followed in the processing of the said product as well as to improve productivity and reduce manufacturing cost. The project involves considerable cost . Some of them involve a large number of activities which must be carefully planned and coordinated. There are few which can be completed on time, cost and performance targets. Furthermore, another aim of the study is to determine how profitable are the new and improved methods established by the researcher.

U.S. Policy in the Middle East A Brief History

The first time a Western power got soaked in the politics of oil in the Middle East was toward the end of 1914, when British soldiers landed at Basra, in southern Iraq, to protect oil supplies from neighboring Persia. At that time, the United States had little interest in Middle East oil or in any political designs on the region. Its overseas ambitions were focused south toward Latin America and the Caribbean, and west toward East Asia and the Pacific. When Britain offered to share the spoils of the defunct Ottoman Empire after World War I, President Woodrow Wilson declined. The United States creeping involvement in the Middle East began later, during the Truman administration, and continued through the 21st century. Truman Administration: 1945–1952 During World War II, American troops were stationed in Iran to help transfer military supplies to the Soviet Union and protect Iranian oil. British and Soviet troops were also stationed on Iranian soil. After the war, Russian leader Joseph Stalin withdrew his troops only after President Harry Truman protested their continued presence and threatened to boot them out. While opposing Soviet influence in Iran, Truman solidified America’s relationship with Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, and brought Turkey into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), making it clear to the Soviet Union that the Middle East would be a Cold War hot zone. Truman accepted the 1947 United Nations partition plan of Palestine, granting 57 percent of the land to Israel and 43 percent to Palestine, and personally lobbied for its success. The plan lost support from U.N. member nations, especially as hostilities between Jews and Palestinians multiplied in 1948 and Arabs lost more land or fled. Truman recognized the State of Israel 11 minutes after its creation, on May 14, 1948. Eisenhower Administration: 1953–1960 Three major events defined Dwight Eisenhower’s Middle East policy. In 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the CIA to depose Mohammed Mossadegh, the popular, elected leader of the Iranian parliament and an ardent nationalist who opposed British and American influence in Iran. The coup severely tarnished America’s reputation among Iranians, who lost trust in American claims of protecting democracy. In 1956, when Israel, Britain, and France attacked Egypt after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, a furious Eisenhower not only refused to join the hostilities, he ended the war. Two years later, as nationalist forces roiled the Middle East and threatened to topple Lebanon’s Christian-led government, Eisenhower ordered the first landing of U.S. troops in Beirut to protect the regime. The deployment, lasting just three months, ended a brief civil war in Lebanon. Kennedy Administration: 1961–1963 President John F. Kennedy, according to some historians, was not very involved in the Middle East. But as Warren Bass points out in â€Å"Support Any Friend: Kennedys Middle East and the Making of the U.S.-Israel Alliance,† Kennedy tried to develop a special relationship with Israel while diffusing the effects of his predecessors’ Cold War policies toward Arab regimes. Kennedy increased economic aid for the region and worked to reduce the polarization between Soviet and American spheres. While the U.S. alliance with Israel was solidified during his tenure, Kennedy’s abbreviated administration, while briefly inspiring the Arab public, largely failed to mollify Arab leaders. Johnson Administration: 1963–1968 President Lyndon Johnson focused much of his energies on his Great Society programs at home and the Vietnam War abroad. The Middle East burst back onto the American foreign policy radar with the Six-Day War of 1967, when Israel, after rising tension and threats from all sides, pre-empted what it characterized as an impending attack from Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Israel occupied the Gaza Strip, the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, and Syria’s Golan Heights—and threatened to go further. The Soviet Union threatened an armed attack if it did. Johnson put the U.S. Navy’s Mediterranean Sixth Fleet on alert but also compelled Israel to agree to a cease-fire on June 10, 1967. Nixon-Ford Administrations: 1969–1976 Humiliated by the Six-Day War, Egypt,  Syria, and Jordan tried to regain lost territory by attacking Israel during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur in 1973. Egypt regained some ground, but its Third Army was eventually surrounded by an Israeli army led by Ariel Sharon (who would later become prime minister). The Soviets proposed a ceasefire, failing which they threatened to act â€Å"unilaterally.† For the second time in six years, the United States faced its second major and potential nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union over the Middle East. After what journalist Elizabeth Drew described as â€Å"Strangelove Day,† when President Richard Nixons administration put American forces on the highest alert, the administration persuaded Israel to accept a cease-fire. Americans felt the effects of that war through the 1973 Arab oil embargo, during which oil prices rocketed upward, contributing to a recession a year later. In 1974 and 1975, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger negotiated so-called disengagement agreements, first between Israel and Syria and then between Israel and Egypt, formally ending the hostilities begun in 1973 and returning some land Israel had seized from the two countries. These were not peace agreements, however, and they left the Palestinian situation unresolved. Meanwhile, a military strongman called Saddam Hussein was rising through the ranks in Iraq. Carter Administration: 1977–1981 Jimmy Carter’s presidency was marked by American Mid-East policy’s greatest victory and greatest loss since World War II. On the victorious side, Carter’s mediation led to the  1978 Camp David Accords  and the 1979 peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, which included a huge increase in U.S. aid to Israel and Egypt. The treaty led Israel to return the  Sinai Peninsula  to Egypt. The accords took place, remarkably, months after Israel invaded Lebanon for the first time, ostensibly to repel chronic attacks from the  Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)  in south Lebanon. On the losing side, the  Iranian Islamic Revolution  culminated in 1978 with demonstrations against the regime of  Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The revolution led to the establishment of an  Islamic Republic, under Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, on April 1, 1979. On November 4, 1979, Iranian students backed by the new regime took 63 Americans at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran hostage. They held on to 52 of them for 444 days, releasing them the day  Ronald Reagan  was  inaugurated  as  president. The  hostage crisis, which included one failed military rescue attempt that cost the lives of eight American servicemen, undid  the Carter presidency  and set back American policy in the region for years: The rise of Shiite power in the Middle East had begun. Reagan Administration: 1981–1989 Whatever progress the Carter administration achieved on the Israeli-Palestinian front stalled over the next decade. As  the Lebanese civil war  raged, Israel invaded Lebanon for the second time, in June 1982. They advanced as far as Beirut, the Lebanese capital city, before Reagan, who had condoned the invasion, intervened to demand a cease-fire. American, Italian, and French troops landed in Beirut that summer to mediate the exit of 6,000 PLO militants. The troops then withdrew, only to return following the assassination of Lebanese President-elect Bashir  Gemayel  and the retaliatory massacre, by Israeli-backed Christian militias, of up to 3,000 Palestinians in the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila, south of Beirut. On April 18, 1983, a truck bomb demolished the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, killing 63 people. On October 23, 1983, bombings killed 241 American soldiers and 57 French paratroopers in their Beirut barracks. American forces withdrew shortly after. The Reagan administration then faced several crises as the Iranian-backed Lebanese Shiite organization that became known as Hezbollah took several Americans hostage in Lebanon. The 1986  Iran-Contra Affair  revealed that President Ronald Reagans administration had secretly negotiated arms-for-hostages deals with Iran, discrediting Reagan’s claim that he would not negotiate with terrorists. It was not until December 1991 that the last hostage, former Associated Press reporter Terry Anderson, was released. Throughout the 1980s, the Reagan administration supported Israel’s expansion of Jewish settlements in occupied territories. The administration also supported Saddam Hussein in the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War. The administration provided logistical and intelligence support, believing wrongly that Saddam could destabilize the Iranian regime and defeat the Islamic Revolution. George H.W. Bush Administration: 1989–1993 After benefiting from a decade of support from the United States and receiving conflicting signals immediately before the invasion of Kuwait,  Saddam Hussein  invaded the small country to his southeast on August 2, 1990.  President George H.W. Bush  launched Operation Desert Shield, immediately deploying U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia to defend against a possible invasion by Iraq. Desert Shield became Operation Desert Storm when Bush shifted strategy—from defending Saudi Arabia to repelling Iraq from Kuwait, ostensibly because Saddam might, Bush claimed, be developing nuclear weapons. A coalition of 30 nations joined American forces in a military operation that numbered more than half a million troops. An additional 18 countries supplied economic and humanitarian aid. After a 38-day air campaign and a 100-hour ground war, Kuwait was liberated. Bush stopped the assault short of an invasion of Iraq, fearing what Dick Cheney, his defense secretary, would call a â€Å"quagmire.† Bush established instead no-fly zones in the south and north of the country, but these did not keep Saddam from massacring Shiites following an attempted revolt in the south—which Bush had encouraged. In Israel and the Palestinian territories, Bush was largely ineffective and uninvolved as the first Palestinian intifada roiled on for four years. In the last year of his presidency, Bush launched a military operation in Somalia in conjunction with a humanitarian operation by the  United Nations. Operation Restore Hope, involving 25,000 U.S. troops, was designed to help stem the spread of famine caused by the Somali civil war. The operation had limited success. A 1993 attempt to catch Mohamed Farah Aidid, the leader of a brutal Somali militia, ended in disaster, with 18 American soldiers and up to 1,500 Somali militia soldiers and civilians killed. Aidid was not captured. Among the architects of the attacks on Americans in Somalia was a Saudi exile then living in Sudan and largely unknown in the United States: Osama bin Laden. Clinton Administration: 1993–2001 Besides mediating the 1994 peace treaty between Israel and Jordan, President Bill Clinton’s involvement in the  Middle East was bracketed by the short-lived success of the Oslo Accords in August 1993 and the collapse of the Camp David summit in December 2000. The accords ended the first intifada, established Palestinians’ right to self-determination in Gaza and the West Bank, and established the Palestinian Authority. The accords also called on Israel to withdraw from the occupied territories. But Oslo did not address such fundamental issues as the right of Palestinian refugees to return to Israel, the fate of East Jerusalem, or what to do about continuing expansion of Israeli settlements in the territories. Those issues, still unresolved in 2000, led Clinton to convene a summit with Palestinian leader  Yasser Arafat  and Israeli leader Ehud Barak at Camp David in December of that year. The summit failed, and the second intifada exploded. George W. Bush Administration: 2001–2008 After deriding operations involving the U.S. military in what he called â€Å"nation-building,† President George W. Bush  turned, after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, into the most ambitious nation-builder since the days of Secretary of State  George Marshall, who helped rebuild Europe after World War II. But Bush’s efforts focused on the Middle East, were not very successful. Bush had the world’s backing when he led an attack on Afghanistan in October 2001 to topple the Taliban regime, which had given sanctuary to al-Qaeda, the terrorist group responsible for the 9/11 attacks. Bush’s expansion of the â€Å"war on terror† to Iraq in March 2003, however, had far less international support. Bush saw the toppling of Saddam Hussein as the first step in a domino-like birth of democracy in the Middle East. But while Bush talked democracy in regards to Iraq and Afghanistan, he continued to support repressive, undemocratic regimes in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and several countries in North Africa. The credibility of his democracy campaign was short-lived. By 2006, with Iraq plunging into civil war, Hamas winning elections in the Gaza Strip, and Hezbollah winning immense popularity following its summer war with Israel, Bush’s democracy campaign was dead. The U.S. military surged troops into Iraq in 2007, but by then the majority of the American people and many government  officials were widely skeptical of the motivations for the invasion. In an interview with The New York Times Magazine in 2008—toward the end of his presidency—Bush touched upon what he hoped his Middle East legacy would be, saying: I think history will say George Bush clearly saw the threats that keep the Middle East in turmoil and was willing to do something about it, was willing to lead and had this great faith in the capacity of democracies and great faith in the capacity of people to decide the fate of their countries and that the democracy movement gained impetus and gained movement in the Middle East. Sources Bass, Warren. Support Any Friend: Kennedys Middle East and the Making of the U.S.-Israel Alliance. Oxford University Press, 2004, Oxford, New York.Baker, Peter. President George W. Bushs final days, The New York Times magazine, August 31, 2008.